The Binding and Loosing

Lore & Background

In the New Testament, binding and loosing are given as keys to the kingdom of heaven, with the authority to bind or loose on earth being ratified in heaven (Matthew 16:19). This authority is specifically tied to the remission or retention of sins (John 20:23), suggesting a judicial or disciplinary function within the early community. The Old Testament provides a rich background: binding can refer to making a vow that binds one's soul (Numbers 30:2, Numbers 30:3), which a husband may establish or void (Numbers 30:13). It also describes the physical binding of the high priest's breastplate to the ephod so it is not loosed (Exodus 28:28, Exodus 39:21).

Reader's Guide

The passages portray binding and loosing as actions with both physical and metaphysical consequences. In the Old Testament, binding is often literal—binding Samson with cords (Judges 15:13, Judges 16:7, Judges 16:11) or binding a foal (Genesis 49:11)—but also metaphorical, as in binding God's words as a sign on the hand (Deuteronomy 6:8, Deuteronomy 11:18). The priestly binding of the breastplate ensures it remains secure (Exodus 28:28, Exodus 39:21). In the New Testament, the authority to bind and loose is given to Peter (Matthew 16:19) and to the disciples (John 20:23), linking it directly to forgiveness and church discipline. The passages do not specify the exact scope of this authority, leaving room for differing interpretations among traditions.

Did You Know?

• The phrase 'bind his soul with a bond' in Numbers 30:2 uses binding to describe a personal vow or oath.
• In Exodus 28:28 and Exodus 39:21, the breastplate is bound to the ephod so that it is 'not loosed,' using the same language as Matthew 16:19.
• Samson's binding with new ropes and green withs (Judges 16:7, Judges 16:11) shows binding as physical restraint, contrasting with the spiritual authority in the New Testament.
• The binding of the scarlet thread in Joshua 2:18 is a sign of protection, not a judicial act.